Pereira N. Design and Implementation of Sigma Delta Modulators 2015 torrent

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Sigma-Delta Modulators (ΣΔM) have gained a lot of ground over the last several years as one of the premier solutions in signal conversion, for low frequency, highresolution applications. ΣΔMs use negative feedback to reduce the quantization error, where a filter circuit is placed before the quantizer in order to define the frequency band where the quantization error is attenuated. This filter is traditionally built using ideal integrator stages, implemented with operational amplifiers (OpAmps) in an integrator configuration. These OpAmps require a large DC gain and bandwidth in order for the behaviour of the integrator circuits to be close to the ideal integrator behaviour. If the ΣΔM is built using discrete components in a Continuous-Time (CT) design, it is difficult to find fully differential OpAmps, resulting in a circuit that uses a single ended topology with all the disadvantages associated. The work reported in this book focuses on the design of a 3rd Order CT-ΣΔM where the integrator stages of the filter are implemented with Bipolar-Junction Transistors (BJT) differential pairs. By replacing the OpAmps with differential pairs, it is possible to build an equivalent filter circuit for the ΣΔM using lossy integrators. The finite gain and bandwidth of the differential pairs can be accommodated during the filter design process. Both 1-bit and 1.5-bit quantization are studied, as well as the effect of spreading the zeros of the CT-ΣΔM along the signal bandwidth. Electrical simulations and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed design and demonstrate that it is possible to design a CT fully-differential BJT-based ΣΔM with a performance fairly similar to that of a OpAmp-based ΣΔM, without an increase in power dissipation and area